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Category: biotech/medical – Page 705

A new study in mice by scientists at St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital reveals that immune and tumor cells compete over glutamine. The researchers also identified a molecular pathway that could serve as a potential drug target to achieve the same effect.

The findings are published in Nature in an article titled, “SLC38A2 and glutamine signaling in cDC1s dictate anti-tumor immunity.”

“Cancer cells evade T cell-mediated killing through tumor–immune interactions whose mechanisms are not well understood,” the scientists wrote. “Dendritic cells (DCs), especially type-1 conventional DCs (cDC1s), mediate T cell priming and therapeutic efficacy against tumors. DC functions are orchestrated by pattern recognition receptors, although other signals involved remain incompletely defined. Nutrients are emerging mediators of adaptive immunity, but whether nutrients affect DC function or communication between innate and adaptive immune cells is largely unresolved. Here we establish glutamine as an intercellular metabolic checkpoint that dictates tumor–cDC1 crosstalk and licenses cDC1 function in activating cytotoxic T cells.”

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China: A recent article published in Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology reports the case of mycobacterium marinum skin infection in the left upper limb of a female patient with chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis during ruxolitinib treatment.

“Our case illustrates the diversity of skin infections that may occur during JAK (Janus kinase) inhibitors treatment, and the need for clinical attention to atypical mycobacterial skin infections cannot be ignored,” Xiaonan Chen, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, People’s Republic of China, and colleagues wrote in their case study.

Mycobacterium marinum is an atypical bacterium, and skin infections that result from it are relatively rare, usually occurring in homemakers who clean and prepare fish for food and workers engaged in seafood processing. The infection often occurs after fish spines, scales, etc., puncture the skin. The JAK/STAT signalling pathway is closely linked with the human immune response to infections. Therefore, JAK inhibitors may induce and exacerbate various conditions in clinical practice.

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Simply the smell of seafood can make those with an allergy to it violently ill—and therefore more likely to avoid it. The same avoidance behavior is exhibited by people who develop food poisoning after eating a certain meal.

Scientists have long known that the played a key role in our reactions to allergens and pathogens in the environment, but it was unclear whether it played any role in prompting these types of behaviors towards allergic triggers.

According to Yale-led research published July 12 in the journal Nature, it turns out that the immune system plays a crucial role in changing our behaviors.

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A national study, led by researchers at Tufts Medical Center, has found whole genome sequencing (WGS) to be nearly twice as effective as a targeted gene sequencing test at identifying abnormalities responsible for genetic disorders in newborns and infants. The Genomic Medicine in Ill Infants and Newborns (GEMINI) study did, however, find that time to results was longer when carrying out WGS, when compared with a commercially available targeted neonatal gene-sequencing test.

“More than half of the babies in our study had a genetic disorder that would have remained undetected at most hospitals across the country if not for genome sequencing technologies,” said Jonathan Davis, MD, chief of newborn medicine at Tufts Medical Center and co-principal investigator of the study. “Successfully diagnosing an infant’s genetic disorder as early as possible helps ensure they receive the best medical care. This study shows that WGS, while still imperfect, remains the gold standard for accurate diagnosis of genetic disorders in newborns and infants.”

The study, “A Comparative Analysis of Rapid Whole Genomic Sequencing and a Targeted Neonatal Gene Panel in Infants with a Suspected Genetic Disorder: The Genomic Medicine for Ill Neonates and Infants (GEMINI) Study,” is reported in The Journal of the American Medical Association (J AMA).

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A team at the National Institute of Standards and Technology in Boulder, Colorado, has reported the successful implementation of a 400,000 pixel superconducting nanowire single-photon detector (SNSPD) that they say will pave the way for the development of extremely light-sensitive large-format superconducting cameras. The camera will also prove invaluable for those doing medical research, where the ability to examine organs such as the brain without disturbing tissue is critical.

Superconducting detectors operate at very low temperatures and generate a minimum of excess noise, making them ideal for testing the non-local nature of reality, investigating dark matter, mapping the early universe, and performing quantum computation and communication. Previously there were no large-scale superconducting cameras – even the largest demonstrations have never exceeded 20 thousand pixels.

This was especially true for one of the most promising detector technologies, the superconducting nanowire single-photon detector (SNSPD). These detectors have been demonstrated with system detection efficiencies of 98.0%, sub-3-ps timing jitter, sensitivity from the ultraviolet (250nm) to the mid-infrared (10um), and dark count rates below 6.2e-6 counts per second (cps), but despite more than two decades of development they have never achieved an array size larger than a kilopixel. Here, we report on the implementation and characterization of a 400,000 pixel SNSPD camera, a factor of 400 improvement over the previous state-of-the-art. The array spanned an area 4×2.5 mm with a 5x5um resolution, reached unity quantum efficiency at wavelengths of 370 nm and 635 nm, counted at a rate of 1.1e5 cps, and had a dark count rate of 1e-4 cps per detector (corresponding to 0.13 cps over the whole array).

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Starting at 12:40 Liz asks what would your perfect virtual world be like. Not sure what my home world would be like, a Maldives island, an orbital ring colony perhaps. I think my main form of entertainment would be to adventure in the worlds people will create, and perhaps help build them. Someone will detail the 30 million worlds of A Galaxy Far Far Away and go play in it, someone will create a Star Trek Galaxy, D&D, Niven’s Known Space, Potter-verse, LOTR, and so on.

Only a handful of people in the entire world are aware of the work that is going on to increase the lifespan of #humans. Not just in terms of numbers, but also in terms of the quality of life. Most people today are unable to imagine living beyond 80–90, and they absolutely cannot imagine living an active life at 80–90 or beyond, to say nothing of living forever, and leading an active life forever.

But, the reality is that living forever is going to be a reality in the near future. You can catch up on what’s going on in the #longevity space at The Buying Time Podcast.

Continue reading “Ep#09 Liz & Sar: Did you know you can live forever?” | >

In a groundbreaking study, researchers have unlocked a new frontier in the fight against aging and age-related diseases. The study, conducted by a team of scientists at Harvard Medical School, has published the first chemical approach to reprogram cells to a younger state. Previously, this was only achievable using a powerful gene therapy.

On July 12, 2023, researchers from Harvard Medical School, University of Maine and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) published a new research paper in Aging, titled, “Chemically induced reprogramming to reverse cellular aging.”

The team’s findings build upon the discovery that the expression of specific genes, called Yamanaka factors, could convert adult cells into induced (iPSCs). This Nobel Prize-winning discovery raised the question of whether it might be possible to reverse cellular aging without causing cells to become too young and turn cancerous.

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