https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/153422/sprites-camera-action.
An astronaut on the International Space Station captured a red sprite over North America, a rare atmospheric phenomenon associated with powerful lightning.
While machine learning methods can be used for accurate flow prediction in complex environments, such as for urban structures30 or turbulent fields31, generalizing these approaches to domains of arbitrary size and complexity remains a challenging problem. One reason is that flows near and around obstacles depend on factors associated with the fluid (i.e., Reynolds number) or domain (i.e., boundary conditions), and fixing either of these conditions puts bounds on the validity of the estimated fields. Thus, if we seek broad applicability, then we should seek the fewest set of model restrictions that together provide the most accurate flow predictions. To this end, our approach has been to deconstruct certain types of domains into individual obstacles that each maintain some level of geometrical similarity, so that a single neural network model can be used to predict flows near all structural boundaries of the domain. Flows between these structural surfaces, at a scale on the order of the obstacle diameter, are predicted using a second neural network model in series with the first. Together, this serial-modeling approach allows for rapid prediction of flows in domains that can be represented by a disjoint set of structural elements. This type of domain is common, for example, in urban and periurban areas, wherein buildings conform to a common structural motif that affects ground-level velocity fields.
Another relevant length scale is the grid size used to digitize individual domains for read-in by the model. Thus, we investigated how flow patterns can be affected when this input resolution is varied. Although our choice of grid size is somewhat arbitrary, it is dense enough to capture variation in the relevant velocity fields near individual obstacles, but not so dense that producing a large enough cohort of CFD-generated training datasets becomes computationally intractable.
Our approach can also be trained to predict flows with a variable inlet velocity, which, in the case of urban wind flow prediction, permits model parameterization in terms of current meteorological conditions. In the specific case of aerial dispersion of chemicals throughout an urban environment, our predicted flows are considered as the advective field of a drift-diffusion model of molecular dispersion. This advection field plays a central role because concentration fluctuations decorrelate in relationship with the velocity fluctuations of the advection field, and spatial heterogeneity in the flow patterns is determined by the sequence of obstacles in the flow path.
How will climate change alter winter weather in the future? This is what a recent study published in npj Climate and Atmospheric Science hopes to address as a team of researchers investigated the long-term effects of climate change on winter weather precipitation, or wetness. This study has the potential to help researchers, climate scientists, policymakers, and the public understand the long-term consequences of global climate change and the steps that can be taken to mitigate it.
For the study, the researchers used computer models to compare precipitation levels between 1985 and 2014 and compared these to model-predicted data spanning from 2070 to 2099 across seven subregions across the United States. In the end, the researchers estimate an increase between 2 to 5 percent of precipitation for every degree increase before the end of the century, noting this increase will hit the Northwest and Northeast regions of the United States the hardest.
“We found that, unlike summer and other seasons where projected changes in precipitation is highly uncertain, there will be a robust future intensification of winter precipitation,” said Dr. Akintomide Akinsanola, who is an assistant professor in the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences at the University of Illinois Chicago and lead author of the study. “It will accelerate well past what we have seen in historic data.”
“This research underscores that successful water investments hinge not just on addressing immediate water needs, but also on strengthening the governmental and societal frameworks that facilitate private sector engagement,” said Dr. Pamela Green.
What steps can be taken to address global water shortages and security? This is what a recent study published in Global Environmental Change hopes to address as an international team of researchers investigated the readiness levels of economies around the world and if private investments could help alleviate the concerns regarding water security and safety worldwide. This study holds the potential to help researchers, climate scientists, and the public understand the severity of global water security and what steps can be taken to mitigate those risks and concerns.
For the study, the researchers conducted a statistical analysis comparing at-risk regions across the globe to available fiscal resources that can be used to address and alleviate risks and concerns to water scarcity.
Continue reading “Addressing Water Insecurity: A Call for Innovative Economic Strategies” »
The Hunga Tonga underwater volcano was one of the largest volcanic eruptions in history, and now, two years later, new research from The Australian National University (ANU) has revealed its main trigger. The research is published in the journal Geophysical Research Letters.
New device boosts hydroponic farming for efficient, eco-friendly food production:
A new water purification device offers a cost-effective solution for hydroponic farming, supporting more sustainable food production.
Continue reading “New water purifier could drive sustainable farming in changing climate” »
Power outages continued for many in the Eastern U.S. early on Monday as Helene’s death toll passed 100.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?si\u003doKkiYzJ96H2hY9en\u0026v\u003d1_gJp2uAjO0\u0026feature\u003dyoutu.be
Quantum computers have the ability to harness the mysterious effects of quantum physics, making them a game changer for science. Professor Hannah Fry explains how they work on The Future with Hannah Fry.
With the promise of unimaginable computing power, a global race for quantum supremacy is raging. Who will be first to harness this new technological force, and what will they do with it?
Continue reading “The Race to Harness Quantum Computing’s Mind-Bending Power” »
How can electronic waste, also known as e-waste, be recycled without resulting in negative environmental impacts that are often produced with traditional e-waste recycling methods? This is what a recent study published in Nature Chemical Engineering hopes to address as a team of researchers from Rice University investigated a novel approach for improving e-waste recycling while mitigating the negative impacts on the environment. This study holds the potential to help researchers, climate conservationists, and the public better understand how they can contribute to a cleaner environment through recycling.
“Our process offers significant reductions in operational costs and greenhouse gas emissions, making it a pivotal advancement in sustainable recycling,” said Dr. James Tour, who is a T.T. and W.F. Chao Professor of Chemistry at Rice University and a co-author on the study.
For the study, the team built upon past research conducted by Dr. Toru involving flash joule heating (FJH), which uses electric currents to break down metals into other materials. Using FJH for e-waste, the researchers successfully removed precious metals, including tantalum, indium, and gallium, which have commercial uses in capacitors, LCD displays, and semiconductors, respectively. Additionally, this new method was found to provide increased efficiency for metal purity and number of metals, also called yield, at 95 percent and 85 percent, respectively, along with significantly reducing environmental harm since this method does not require acids or water for its reaction.
